Education Rights Navigation Bar

Return to Introduction

Transforming Urban Schools
Through Investments in Social Capital

Footnotes & References

Pedro A. Noguera, Ph.D.
University of California, Berkeley


Footnotes

1. Through an analysis of the social and economic transformations that have occured in urban areas in the United States since World War II, William Wilson demonstrates how such a devaluation of black labor has occured and resulted in the formation of an urban underclass. See The Truly Disavantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

2. Several commentators have debated whether or not a "crisis" actually exist in education. In part, this is because the term crisis implies that there were "good old days" when conditions were better. In a discussion of the "drop-out" debate, Deborah Myers argues that the good old days really weren't sso good (The Nation, 1992) It could also be argued that conditions in schools are very uneven, and that the public is largely satisfied with schools that serve middle and upperclass students(Tyack and Cuban 1994) while those that serve the poor are doing an admirable job given the resources at their disposal.

3. In Richmond California, the coach of the Richmond High School basketball team received considerable media attention and a visit from the newly elected governor because he forced the entire team to forfeit a regularly scheduled game due to poor academic performance of the players. (The team had been undefeated prior to the forfeit)

4. Although the assailants in the Jonesboro shootings were young white males, the older boy was said to have been a member of the Cripps - a Los Angles gang most commonly associated with African American youth. The fact that his parents were divorced was also cited as a factor contributing to his delinquency.

5. This finding is supported by a poll conducted in 1994 by Public Agenda on behalf of the American federation of Teachers ("What Americans Expect from the Public Schools" in American Educator, Winter 1994-'95) and in California by a poll conducted by PACE (Policy Analysis for California Education) in March 1996.

6. Cite public support for head start and similar programs.

7. Information on Medical and MediCaid

8. Interview with the Executive Director, October 1996.

9. The viability of vouchers is further limited by the fact that the amount of the subsidy generally falls well below the cost of tuition at most elite private schools. Vouchers may cover the cost of working class parochial schools, but even these schools have selective admissions criteria and limited space. See for a discussion of private schools, vouchers, and choice.

10. The dollar amount allocated under most voucher plans are insufficient to cover the cost of tution at the more elite private schools. Even if the amount of the voucher is sufficient to cover the cost of working class parochial schools, such schools typically have admissions requirements which are used to screen out less desireable students, as well as greater flexibility in removing students who are disruptive or difficult to serve.

11. Text taken from the Economic Opportunity Act, 1964 cited in Fantini, et.al., p.10

12. Moynihan, D.P. (1969) Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. New York: Fress Press.

13. Reconstitution is a strategy that was made available to SFUSD as a result of the consent decree on school desegregation. The policy allows the district to reconstitute a school - remove all or part of the personnel from a school deemed low performing - as a way to improve achievment for minority students. Since 1993, 14 schools in SFUSD have been completely or partially reconstituted.

14. My consulting work with the SFUSD has focused on an evaluation of the impact of the new admissions policy at Lowell High School on students admitted under the plan.

15. Proposition 187 was approved by voters in 1996 and was intended to restrict undocumented aliens and their children from having access to public services. Proposition 209 was approved by voters in 1997 and eliminated the use of race and gender as factors that could be considered in admissions for higher education, employment and contracting in publicly funded orgainzations. Proposition 227 was approved by voters in 1998 and banned the use of bilingual education in public schools.

16. I have attended parent education workshops, honor roll marches, and issue oriented events sponsored by all three centers. Each event drew a significant number of parents from constituencies not typically involved in school activities.


References

Anyon, J. 1996. Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Educational Reform. New York: Teachers College Press.

Apple, M. 1982 Education and Power. Boston: ARK Publications.

Bourdieu, P. 1985 "Social Space and the Genesis of Social Groups" in Theory and Society (14), No. 6, November 1985.

1988. Outline of A Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu P. and L. Wacquant 1992 An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bowles, S. and H. Gintis 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America. New York: Basic Books.

Brookover, W. and E. Erickson 1969 Society, Schools and Learning East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.

Carnoy, M. and H. Levin 1985. Schooling and Work in a Democratic State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Comer, J. 1981. "New Haven's School-Community Connection" in Educational Leadership, March, pp. 42-48.

Cose, E. 1993. The Rage of A Privileged Class. New York: Harper Collins.

Coleman, J., E. Campbell, C. Hobson, J. McPartland, A. Mood, F. Weinfeld and R. Yonk 1966. Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education.

Coleman, J. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital" in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, S95-S120.

Delpitt, L. 1988. "The Silenced Dialogue: Power and Pedagogy in Educating Other People's Children". Harvard Educational Review. Vol. 58, No. 3. August 1988, 280-298.

Dillard, J. 1972. Black English. New York: Vintage Books.

Eckert, P. 1989 Jocks and Burnouts. New York: Teachers College Press.

Epstein, J. 1991. "School and Family Connections: Theory, Research, and Implications for Integrating Societies of Education and Family" in Families in Community Settings: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by D.G. Unger and M.B. Sussman. New York: Hayworth Press.

Ferguson, Ann 1995. Boys Will Be Boys: Defiant Acts and the Social Construction of Black Masculinity. Unpublished dissertation, UC Berkeley.

Fine, M. 1993. "(Ap)parent Involvement: reflections on Parents, Power, and Urban Schools in Teachers College Record. Volume 94, Number 4, Summer.

Fine, M., L. Weis, L. Powell, L. Mun Wong 1997. Off White: Readings in Race, Power, and Society. New York: Routledge.

Fischer, C., M. Hout, M.S. Jankowski, S. Lucas, A. Swidler and K. Voss. 1996. Inequality By Design, Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Foster, M. 1997. "Ebonics and All That Jazz: Cutting Through the Politics of Linguistics, Education and Race" in The Quarterly of the National Writing Project. Winter, Vol. 19, No. 1

Frazier, E. F. 1942 Black Bourgeoisie.

Fredrickson, G 1981. White Supremacy: A Comparative Study of American and South African History. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Greenberg, M. and D. Schneider 1994 "Violence in American Cities: Young Black Males is the Answer, But What Was the Question?" in Soc. Sci. Med. Vol.39, No.2, pp. 179-187.

Giroux, H. 1988. Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward A Critical Pedagogy of Learning. New York: Bergin and Garvey.

Hall, S. 1992. "What is this "Black: in Black Popular Culture" in Black Popular Culture edited by Gine Dent. (Seattle, WA: Bay Press

Harris, Cheryl "Whiteness as Property" in Critical race Theory edited by

Haymes, S. 1995 Race, Culture and the City. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Ignatiev, N 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge.

Katznelson, I. and M. Weir 1985 Schooling for All. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kirp, D. 1982 Just Schools. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kochman, T. 1969. "Rapping in the Black Ghetto" in Trans-Action, pp. 26-34

Lareau, A. "Social Class Differences in Family-School relationships: The Importance of Cultural Capital" in Sociology of Education, 60:73-85.

Kozol, J. 1991. Savage Inequalities. New York: Crown Books.

Maeroff, G. 1988 "Withered Hopes, Stillborn Dreams: The Dismal Panorama of Urban Schools" in Phi Delta Kappan, 69:632-638

MacLeod, J. 1987 Ain't No Makin' It. Boulder, CO: Westview

Massey, D. and N. Denton 1993 American Apartheid: segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Nocera, J. 1990 "How the Middle Class Helped Ruin the Public Schools" Utne Reader, Sept-Oct.

Noguera, P. 1996 "Confronting the Urban in Urban School Reform" in Urban Review, Volume 28, Number 1, March.

Noguera, P. 1995 "Ties that Bind, Forces that Divide: Berkeley High School and the Challenge of Integration". University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 29, Spring 1995, No. 3

National Research Council (1989) A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Ogbu, J. (1978) Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.

Ogbu, J. (1987) Variability in minority student performance: a problem in search of an explanation. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 18:312-334

Olsen, L. 1997. Made in America: Immigrant Students in Our Public Schools. New York: The New Press.

Omi, M and H. Winant 1986. Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge.

Orfield, G. and S. Eaton 1996. Dismantling Desegregation. New York: New Press.

Pinkney, A 1984 The Myth of Black Progress. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Putnam, R. 1995 "Making Democracy Work: Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital" in Journal of Democracy 6/1 65-78

Roediger, D 1991. The Wages of Whiteness. New York: Verso Press.

Rist, R. 1973. The Urban School: A Factory for Failure. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Steele, C. (1997) A Threat in the air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance. American Psychologist, June 1997

Tierny, W. 1996 "Affirmative Action in California: Looking Back, Looking Forward in Public Academe". The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 65, Spring 1996, No. 2

Tyack, D. and L. Cuban 1995. Tinkering Toward Utopia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wacquant, L. 1998 "Negative Social Capital: State Breakdown and Social Destitution in America's Urban Core" in Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol 13, No. 1

Wilson, W. 1996 When Work Disappears. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Woodson, C.G. 1933 The Mis-Education of the Negro. Washington, DC: Associated Publishers.

Wolters, R. 1984. The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

Valencia, R. 1991 Chicano School Failure and Success. London: Falmer Press.

Woolcock, M. 1998 "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework" in Theory and Society, 27:151-208


Email, Opinions & Discussion

If you have any thoughts on this or would like to contribute to an ongoing discussion in the
E-mail, Opinions & Discussion column click here to send e-mail to publish@inmotionmagazine.com.


In Unity/NPC Productions/Links
Hot Topics || Region || Affirmative Action || What is New? || Education Rights ||
Art Changes || Rural.America || Essays from Ireland || Autonomy: Chiapas - California || En español ||
Healthcare || Global Eyes || Piri Thomas || Photo of the Week || E-mail, Opinions and Discussion

In Motion Magazine Staff || In Motion Magazine's Store || In Unity Book of Photos ||
NPC Productions || Links Around The World